Beberapa kajian telah dijalankan ke atas tandan kosong kelapa sawit dengan proses pirolisis di dalam reaktor yang mempunyai pemangkin kekal di dalamnya untuk menghasilkan bio-minyak. Beberapa kesan faktor operasi yang berbeza seperti suhu proses pirolisis, nisbah antara bio-jisim dan pemangkin dan kadar aliran gas N2 terhadap penghasilan ketiga-tga produk dan pencirian tentang minyak bumi telah dikaji. Kadar paling tinggi untuk penghasilan minyak bumi ialah 42.64% telah berjaya dihasilkan pada suhu 600°C proses pirolisis dengan 10 wt.% of Ca(OH)2 dan kadar aliran gas nitrogen pada 200 mL min-1. Minyak bumi dihasilkan dengan dan tanpa menggunakan pemangkin yang telah diperincikan dengan menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil kajian menunjukkan komponen utama yang terdapat di dalam minyak bumi ialah fenol, fenol aromatik dan rantaian panjang lignin alifatik. Didapati bahawa penggunaan pemangkin telah menurunkan penghasilan minyak bumi tetapi telah meningkatkan penghasilan komponen molekul kecil dan juga mengurangkan kumpulan oksigen di dalam minyak. Produk char yang dihasilkan telah diperincikan lagi dengan melihat keupanyaannya di dalam penyingkiran pewarna metil biru. Hasil kajian mendapati sebanyak 77.25% penyingkiran berjaya dicatat sebagai penyingkiran pewarna metil biru yang tertinggi.
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Catalytic pyrolysis of palm empty fruit bunch over calcium hydroxide was carried out in a fixed bed reactor to produce bio-oil. The effects of different operation factors such as pyrolysis temperature (400-600°C ), ratio of biomass-catalyst (5-15 wt.%) and sweeping gas (N2) flow rates (100-300 mL/min) on the yields of three products and the characterisation of bio-oil were investigated. The maximum oil yield of 42.64% was obtained at 600°C pyrolysis temperature with 10 wt.% of Ca(OH)2 and a N2 flow rate of 200 mL/min. The bio-oils yielded with and without catalyst were characterised by GC-MS. The results showed that the main identified compounds of bio-oils were phenols, phenol derivatives and long chain aliphatic compounds. It was observed that the use of catalyst decreased the bio-oil yields, but enhanced the small molecular compound yields and decreased the oxygenated groups in bio-oils. The char products yielded were characterised by the ability in methylene blue dye removal. The highest removal of methylene blue (77.25%) was obtained at 600°C, N2 flow rate of 200 mL/min and under the presence of magnesium oxide catalyst.
Catalytic pyrolysis of empty palm fruit bunch fibre over calcium hydroxide catalyst / Lee Ming Ern