Proses mendapatkan air bawah tanah dari telaga di tebing sungai bagi mendorong penyusupan air sungai telah digunakan oleh banyak negara di dunia. Proses ini dipanggil penapisan tebing sungai. Terdapat pelbagai proses rawatan ke atas air sungai di seluruh dunia. Akan tetapi, teknologi dengan kos yang rendah adalah agak terhad. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menguji kesesuaian media komposit dengan gabungan karbon diaktifkan, batu kapur, alginat bertindak sebagai pengikat dan kalsium klorida dalam proses penapisan. Ciri-ciri penjerap adalah penting untuk dikaji sebelum digunakan sebagai bahan penjerap merawat air sungai sekaligus sebagai pra-rawatan air minuman. Sebelum proses penapisan dijalankan, ujian kelompok telah dilaksanakan dalam tempoh 120 minit. Keputusan dan graf menunjukkan peratusan penyingkiran yang paling optimum untuk semua parameter adalah dalam masa 60 minit dengan nisbah bancuhan 3g alginate, 4g karbon, 8g batu kapur dan 250ml kalsium klorida dengan kemolaran 0.3. Nisbah bancuhan ini akan digunakan untuk ujian penapisan menggunakan model fizikal penapisan tebing sungai. Peratus penyingkiran adalah antara 40% hingga 98% untuk parameter yang diuji iaitu kekeruhan, warna, jumlah pepejal terampai, besi, mangan, E.coli . Kualiti air mentah dari Sungai Kerian telah diuji melalui proses penapisan tebing sungai dengan menggunakan model fizikal. Kekeruhan, warna, jumlah pepejal terampai, besi, mangan, E.coli adalah parameter yang digunakan untuk menguji tahap prestasi media komposit dari segi pH, masa sentuhan, jarak, ketebalan dan kadar aliran. Ujian penapisan ini telah dijalankan selama 120 minit dengan tiga kadar aliran yang berbeza, iaitu 50ml / min, 75ml / min dan 100ml / min dan dua ketebalan media komposit yang berbeza iaitu 20mm dan 50mm sebagai medium penapisan. Prestasi model dianalisa untuk menentukan kapasiti penyingkiran parameter yang dinyatakan dengan faktor kadar aliran dan ketebalan media komposit. Prestasi keseluruhan menunjukkan bahawa antara ketiga-tiga kadar aliran, kadar aliran yang paling rendah akan memberi tahap kecekapan penyingkiran yang tinggi. Begitu juga dengan dua ketebalan media yang berbeza, ketebalan yang paling rendah akan memberi tahap kecekapan penyingkiran yang tinggi. Media komposit ini mempunyai potensi yang baik untuk penyelidikan lanjut dan kegunaan masa hadapan.
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The process of extracting groundwater from wells adjacent to a river in order to induce infiltration from the river has been applied in many countries. Such process is called a riverbank filtration. There are many treatment processes over the world on river water. However, the simple and low cost technologies are quite limited. This study was carried out in order to access the suitability of composite media by a combination of activated carbon, limestone, alginate as a binder and molarity of calcium chloride to be applied for riverbank filtration. Characteristics of absorbent were important to be defined prior to be used as an adsorbent for the treatment of river water as a pre-treatment of drinking water. Before the filtration experiment is conducted, the batching experiment was set to run within 120 minute for a particular molarity of calcium chloride. Result and graph showed that the most optimum removal percentage for all parameter establish in 60 minute. The establish of optimum condition was 0.3 molarity of calcium chloride which means mixing of 4g activated carbon, 8g limestone, 3g alginate that was immersed in 250ml of calcium chloride. These mixing are used for filtration experiment studies by using physical model of riverbank filtration. The removal of contaminants for 0.3 molarity of calcium chloride is much better with percentage removal ranged between 40% to 98% for all parameter tested. The raw water quality from Sungai Kerian was determined and process of riverbank filtration was run by using the fabricated model. Turbidity, colour, total suspended solid, iron, manganese, E.coli were parameter used to access the performance of the composite media in term of pH, contact time, distance, thickness and flow rate. The model was run for 120 minutes with three different flow rates, which were 50ml/min, 75ml/min and 100ml/min. The composite media was used with two different thicknesses which were 20mm and 50mm as filtration. The performance of the model was accessed by determining removal capacity of the mentioned parameters under the influences of flow rate of model and composite media respectively. For overall performance, it showed that between all three different flow rates, the lowest flow rate would give the highest rate of removal efficiency compared to higher flow rate same goes with two different media thickness, the lowest thickness would give the highest rate of removal efficiency compared to higher thickness. This composite media has a good potential for further research and future application.
Riverbank filtration by limestone, activated carbon and alginate as composite media for pre-treatment of drinking water / Siti Aishah Mohd Pilus