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Optimization of Biodiesel production from palm fatty acids distillate (PFAD) using one factor at a time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM)

Optimization of Biodiesel production from palm fatty acids distillate (PFAD) using one factor at a time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) / Dean Greffith Symond
Biodiesel adalah salah satu jalan penyelesaian kepada masalah global dalam mencari pengganti kepada bahan api berasaskan petroleum, yang bertujuan supaya kehidupan dapat dikekalkan dengan adanya tenaga. Biodiesel ataupun dikenali sebagai metil ester adalah bahan api yang boleh diperbaharui bagi enjin disel yang mana ia dihasilkan oleh tindakbalas antara asid karboksilik dan alcohol dengan ketiadaan air. Di antara sebab mengapa biodiesel dikehendaki untuk menggantikan bahan api berasaskan petroleum adalah kerana ciri-cirinya yang apabila ia dibakar, ia mengeluarkan jumlah hidrokarbon, karbon monoksida, zarah, dan sulfur dioksida yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan bahan api yang berasaskan petroleum. Faedah yang lain pula ialah dari segi alam sekitar dimana tahap ketoksikan biodiesel lebih rendah daripada tahap ketoksikan bahan api berasaskan petroleum. Bahan mentah bagi pengeluaran biodiesel terdiri daripada minyak sayuran seperti minyak sawit, minyak bunga matahari, minyak kacang soya dan lain-lain. Masalah dengan pengeluaran biodiesel hari ini adalah disebabkan oleh kos bahan mentah yang mahal dan tidak ekonomi berbandingd engan bahan api yang berasaskan petroleum. Dalam kajian ini, pengeluaran biodiesel daripada bahan mentaha lternatif yang lebih murah iaitu asid lemak sawit sulingan (PFAD) telah dikaji. Pengeluaran biodiesel daripada PFAD telah dijalankan melalui tindak balas pengesteran dalam radas kaca dan dioptimum dengan menggunakan kaedah satu factor pada satu masa (OFAT) dan kaedah sambutan permulaan (RSM). Tindakbalas pengesteran antara methanol dan PFAD dengan kehadiran asid sulfuric sebagai pemangkin telah dijalankan dalam balang kaca bulat berleher dua bersekat. Keadaan optimum untuk menghasilkan asid lemak metil ester (FAME) atau biodiesel yang tertinggi adalah pada suhu tindak balas 100 ᵒ C, masa tindak balas 60 minit, pemangkin 2 w / w% dan nisbah molar methanol dan PFAD 8:1. Penghasilan FAME tertinggi dalam kajian ini adalah 87%. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biodiesel is one of the solutions to the global problem in finding a replacement to the petroleum based fuels in order to sustain the living by the availability of energy. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel of diesel engines which also known as methyl esters are synthesized by the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols with elimination of water. The reason why biodiesel demanded to replace petroleum based fuel is because of its characteristics when it is burned, it emits lower total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide compared to the petroleum based fuel. Another benefit of using biodiesel in terms of the environment was the level of toxicity that was much lower than the toxicity level of the petroleum based fuel. The feedstock for the production of biodiesel is from the vegetable oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil, soy bean oil and etc. The problem with biodiesel production today is the cost of feedstock that is expensive and not economical compared to the petroleum based fuel. In this study, biodiesel production from a cheaper alternative feedstock which is palm fatty acids distillate (PFAD) is studied. The production of biodiesel from PFAD was conducted by the esterification reaction in a glassware experimental set up and the reaction was optimized using one factor at a time (OFAT) and response surface method (RSM). The esterification reaction between methanol and PFAD with the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst was conducted in the two neck round bottom flask. The optimum conditions achieved to yield the highest fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel is at reaction temperature of 100ᵒC, reaction time of 60 minutes, catalyst loading of 2 w/w % and molar ratio of methanol to PFAD of 8:1. The highest yield of FAME in this study is 87%.
Contributor(s):
Dean Greffith Symond - Author
Primary Item Type:
Final Year Project
Identifiers:
Accession Number : 875005175
Language:
English
Subject Keywords:
Biodiesel; fuel; renewable
First presented to the public:
6/1/2013
Original Publication Date:
1/27/2020
Previously Published By:
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Place Of Publication:
School of Chemical Engineering
Citation:
Extents:
Number of Pages - 71
License Grantor / Date Granted:
  / ( View License )
Date Deposited
2020-01-28 16:03:55.931
Submitter:
Mohd Jasnizam Mohd Salleh

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