Polyacrylamide (PAM) (1.7-3.6pb%) sebagai polimer dan polietileneimina (PEI)(0.18-0.62pb%) sebagai penyambung silang digunakan dalam kajian ini. Siasatan dijalankan termasuk prestasi gel polimer tulen berdasarkan formulasi yang berbeza, penambahbaikan prestasi gel polimer menggunakan zarah mikro pepejal bukan organik (0.3-0.92pb%) iaitu abu terbang dasar dan abu terbang pendidih di dalam gel polimer tulen yang dipilih, serta kajian prestasi gel polimer yang dioptimumkan pada suhu tinggi melebihi 90 ℃. Dalam kajian ini, prestasi gel polimer biasanya diukur dari segi masa gelasi. Untuk kajian gel polimer tulen, kajian ini melibatkan manipulasi kepekatan PAM dan kepekatan PEI di mana kedua-dua eksperimen dijalankan pada 90 ℃. Telah didapati bahawa, dengan peningkatan kepekatan PAM atau PEI, masa gelasi cenderung menurun. Gel polimer 2.8pb% PAM dengan 0.37pb% PEI dipilih untuk pengoptimuman selanjutnya. Berdasarkan dua abu terbang berbeza yang digunakan pada 90℃, abu terbang dasar mempamerkan gel polimer yang lebih baik dari segi masa gelasi. Masa gelasi optimum diperolehi apabila 0.3pb% abu terbang digunakan ke dalam matriks gel polimer tulen. Ketiga, untuk kajian gel polimer optimum pada suhu tinggi iaitu 105 ℃ dan 120 ℃, didapati bahawa masa gelasi cenderung berkurangan dengan peningkatan suhu. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 120 ℃, gel polimer cenderung mengalami pengurangan isipadu yang menunjukkan gel polimer yang dibentukkan adalah terhad untuk berfungsi di bawah 120 ℃. Selain itu, pengesahan mengenai kebolehtelapan gel yang optimum terhadap minyak dan air garam juga telah dijalankan untuk memastikan kejayaan ejen penghadang air itu sendiri. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa tiada penembusan sama ada minyak atau air garam ke dalam matriks gel polimer dan ini menunjukkan ejen penutup air yang dikaji berjaya.
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Polyacrylamide (PAM) (1.7-3.6wt%) as the polymer and polyethyleneimine (PEI)(0.18-0.62wt%) as the cross-linker were applied in this study. Investigation conducted includes on the performance of the pure polymer gel based on different formulations, performance optimization by incorporation of inorganic solid micro particles (0.3-0.92wt% ) which were the Bottom Fly Ash and the Boiler Fly Ash into the selected pure polymer gel matrix, and the behaviour of the optimized polymer gel at elevated temperatures beyond 90℃. In this study, the performance of polymer gel were mainly measured in terms of the gelation time. For the pure polymer gel formulation, the study involves the manipulation of PAM concentration and PEI concentration where both experiment was conducted at 90℃. It was found that, with the increase of either PAM or PEI concentration, the gelation time of polymer gel tend to decrease. 2.8wt% PAM with 0.37wt% PEI polymer gel was chosen for further optimization. Based on the two different fly ash incorporated at 90℃, Bottom Fly Ash exhibits a better performing polymer gel in terms of the gelation time. The optimum gelation time were obtained when 0.3wt% were incorporated into the pure polymer gel matrix. Thirdly, for the optimum polymer gel study at elevated temperatures which were 105℃ and 120℃, it was found that the gelation time tend to decrease with the increase of temperature. However, at 120℃, the polymer gel tend experience volume reduction which shows this respective formulated polymer gel are limited to function below 120℃. Besides that, verification on the optimized gel permeability towards oil and brine water also were conducted to ensure the success of the water shut-off agent itself. Results shows that no penetration of either oil or brine water into the polymer matrix and this represents the water shut-off agent formulated is a success.
Polyacrylamide polyethyleneimine-bottom fly ash polymer gel for water shut-off in oil wells / Muhd Aqram Zaki Manzur