Orang kurang upaya (OKU) sering diabaikan dalam reka bentuk bangunan walaupun mereka lebih terdedah kepada bahaya dan menghadapi kesukaran untuk mengakses bangunan seperti stesen keretapi. Kehadiran OKU dalam aliran pejalan kaki mempengaruhi aliran pejalan kaki dengan ketara kerana mereka mempunyai kelajuan berjalan yang lebih lambat, keperluan ruangan yang lebih besar dan kecenderungan berkelompokan. Namun, perilakuan OKU jarang dikaji dalam model simulasi pejalan kaki akibat kekurangan data empirikal. Bagi mewakili perilakuan OKU dalam program simulasi pejalan kaki buildingEXODUS dengan tepat, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengesahkan keupayaan asas buildingEXODUS, menjalankan eksperimen yang melibatkan pelbagai kategori OKU di pelan lantai berdasarkan stesen keretapi, dan mensahihkan keupayaan buildingEXODUS untuk mewakili OKU. Pengesahan asas model dilakukan dengan menggunakan ujian dari National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Tujuh kategori OKU telah dikaji, iaitu seorang buta, seorang buta dengan pembantu, dua orang buta, tiga orang buta, kerusi roda elektrik, kerusi roda manual, dan kerusi roda manual dengan pembantu. Kelajuan berjalan dan masa jalan keluar OKU yang dipengaruhi pejalan kaki biasa dan tanpa pengaruh telah ditentukan. Dengan data yang dikumpul, senario eksperimen telah dicipta semula dalam buildingEXODUS. Masa jalan keluar yang dihasilkan dalam simulasi dibanding dengan masa eksperimen untuk mensahihkan model simulasi. Secara keseluruhannya, buildingEXODUS dapat mewakili komponen utama yang diperiksa dalam ujian pengesahan NIST. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kehadiran orang biasa akan perlahankan OKU yang berpenglihatan, manakala proses pensahihan membuktikan bahawa buildingEXODUS dapat mensimulasikan OKU dengan hasil yang sebanding dengan fenomena sebenar, dengan syarat demografi penghuni diketahui.
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People with disabilities (PWD) are often overlooked in building design although they are more vulnerable to hazards and face greater difficulties in accessing buildings such as train stations. The presence of PWD has a significant influence on pedestrian flow due to their slow walking speed, high space requirements and grouping tendencies, but their behaviours are rarely explored in pedestrian simulation models due to lack of empirical data. In an effort to accurately represent the behaviours of PWD in the buildingEXODUS pedestrian simulation model, this study aims to verify the core abilities of buildingEXODUS; conduct an experiment involving different types of PWD based on a train station layout; and validate buildingEXODUS’ capacity to simulate PWD. Verification of the model was done using selected standard tests from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Seven categories of blind and wheelchair-bound people were studied, namely blind, blind with an able-bodied assistant, two-blinds, three-blinds, electric wheelchair, manual wheelchair and manual wheelchair with assistance. The walking speed and egress time of PWD with and without the presence of normal people was then determined from the experiment. Using the data collected, the experiment scenario was recreated in buildingEXODUS. The simulation egress time was then compared with the experimental egress time to validate buildingEXODUS. Overall, buildingEXODUS was able to represent the selected main core components of evacuation models that were scrutinised in the NIST verification tests. Experiment results indicated that the walking speed and egress time of sighted individuals were negatively influenced by the presence of other pedestrians. Subsequently, the ability of buildingEXODUS to simulate PWD was validated. The simulation can produce comparable results to real-life phenomena given that the occupant demographics are sufficiently understood.
Verification and validation of buildingexodus based on the walking speed of people with disabilities (pwd) / Lee Sze Yee