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Thermal and catalytic slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic oil palm wastes using zeolite and hydroxyapatite based catalysts / Kabir Garba

Thermal and catalytic slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic oil palm wastes using zeolite and hydroxyapatite based catalysts_Kabir Garba_K4_2018_MYMY
Kebimbangan berkaitan dengan sisa industri merangsang pengeluaran minyakbio yang berkualiti dari pirolisis sisa kelapa sawit lignoselulosa dengan mangkin mesoliang boleh jaya terbitan daripada sisa keluli sanga. Kajian ini menyiasat pirolisis haba dan bermangkin bagi LOPW ke atas pemangkin yang berasaskan zeolit dan zeolit-hidroksiapatit untuk menghasilkan minyak-bio yang berkualiti di dalam reaktor lapisan tetap pemanasan perlahan. Juga, kinetik pirolisis haba dan pemangkin LOPW disiasat dengan menggunakan kaedah Coats-Redfern. Reaktor dikekalkan pada suhu pirolisis 450-600 °C, kadar aliran N2 200 mL/min, kadar pemanasan 10 °C/min dan 0.5-2.5 g beban pemangkin digunakan untuk pirolisis bermangkin. Pirolisis bermangkin dilakukan atas zeolit dan zeolit-hidroksiapatit, sebagai pemangkin yang disediakan dari arka elektrik jermang relau. Ciri-ciri tekstur BET mencadangkan bahawa pemangkin adalah hierarki dan sangat bermesoliang dengan purata diameter liang antara 23-25 nm. Pemangkin zeolit mempunyai struktur kristal yang konsisten dengan zeolit Faujasite-Ca, berdasarkan pengesahan oleh analisis XRD. Manakala Faujasite-Ca zeolit dan kumin hablur hidroksiapatit membentuk struktur rencam pemangkin hidroksiapatit-zeolit. Pirolisis haba menghasilkan minyak-bio mentah (CBO) pada kadar maksimum 40-47 wt% di bawah suhu pirolisis 500-550 °C, sedangkan pirolisis bermangkin ke atas 0.5 g pemangkin ialah 40-47 wt%. CBO mempunyai nilai pemanasan yang tinggi dari 21-24.68 MJ/kg lebih tinggi daripada LOPW yang sepadan dan terdiri daripada konglomerat sebatian oksigen yang pukal dan bersifat reaktif. Walaubagaimanapun, pemangkin memudahkan tindak balas sekunder, bagi menghasilkan minyak-bio yang mengandungi sebatian oksigen yang kecil dan stabil bagi kumpulan tertentu. Fenol, asid, benzena terbitan, ester antara lain yang membentuk sebatian kecil dan stabil dalam minyak-bio yang dipilih oleh pemangkin. Profil uraian dan kinetik pirolisis LOPW ditentukan melalui permeteran gravity haba. Thermograf dari analisis permeteran gravity haba menyimpulkan bahawa tindak balas pirolisis menguraikan LOPW melalui mod berperingkat. Analisis kinetik berdasarkan kaedah Coats-Redfern mendedahkan bahawa kinetik resapan dihuraikan dengan terbaik pada tahap kedua (tahap aktif) pirolisis haba dan bermangkin. Sementara, kinetik sekaitan geometri dihuraikan dengan terbaik pada peringkat kedua dan ketiga, sebaliknya kinetik berasaskan Avarami-Erofe'ev dan Hukum kuasa menggambarkan peringkat ketiga pirolisis LOPW. Dari parameter kinetik, pirolisis bermangkin menunjukkan tenaga pengaktifan yang paling rendah berbanding pirolisis haba yang sepadan. Oleh itu, pirolisis LOPW boleh dihuraikan dengan baik mengikut mekanisme berbilang langkah kompleks. Indeks ciri penguraian (D) untuk pirolisis campuran LOPW/ Fe/HAPAZ lebih tinggi daripada pirolisis LOPW. Indeks D mendedahkan bahawa Fe/HAPAZ sangat mempengaruhi pirolisis LOPW. _______________________________________________________________________ The concern associated with industrial wastes motivated the production quality bio-oils from pyrolysis of lignocellulosic oil palm wastes with viable mesoporous catalysts derived from waste steel-slag. This study investigated the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of LOPW over zeolite and zeolite-hydroxyapatite based catalysts to produce quality bio-oils in a slow-heating fixed-bed reactor. Also, the kinetics of the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of the LOPW was investigated by using the Coats- Redfern methods. The reactor was maintained at 450-600 oC pyrolysis temperatures, 200 mL/min N2 flowrate, 10 oC/min heating rate and 0.5-2.5 g catalyst load was used for the catalytic pyrolysis. The pyrolysis was performed over zeolite and zeolitehydroxyapatite, as catalysts prepared from electric arc furnace slag. The BET textural characteristics suggested that the catalysts are hierarchical and highly mesoporous with average pore diameter ranging from 23-25 nm. The zeolite catalyst has crystallite structure consistent with that of Faujasite-Ca zeolite, based on authentication by XRD analysis. Whereas, Faujasite-Ca zeolite and hydroxyapatite crystallite formed the composite structure of hydroxyapatite-zeolite-based catalysts. The thermal pyrolysis produced crude bio-oils (CBO) at maximum yield of 40-47 wt% under 500-550 oC pyrolysis temperatures, whereas, the catalytic pyrolysis over 0.5 g catalyst is 40-47 wt%. The CBO have high heating values from 21-24.68 MJ/kg higher than that of the corresponding LOPW and comprised of conglomerate of bulky and reactive oxygenated compounds. But, the catalysts facilitated secondary reactions, which produced bio-oils pervaded with small and stable oxygenated compounds of specific families. The phenolics, acids, benzene derivative, esters among others constitute the light and stable compounds in the bio-oils that the catalysts were selective to. The decomposition profiles and kinetics of the pyrolysis of LOPW were determined via thermogravimetry. The thermographs from the thermogravimetric analysis inferred that pyrolysis reactions decomposed LOPW via stage-wise mode. The kinetics analysis based on the Coats-Redfern’s methods revealed that diffusion kinetics best described the second stage (active stage) of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis. While, the geometrical correlation kinetics best described the second and third stages, conversely kinetics govern by Avarami-Erofe'ev and Power law described the third stages of the LOPW pyrolysis. From the kinetics parameters, the catalytic pyrolysis exhibited the lowest activation energies compared to the corresponding thermal pyrolysis. Therefore, the pyrolysis of LOPW can be best described to follow complex multi-step mechanisms. The characteristic decomposition index (D) for the pyrolysis of LOPW and Fe/HAPAZ blend were higher than those for the LOPW thermal pyrolysis. The index D revealed that the Fe/HAPAZ profoundly influences the LOPW thermal pyrolysis.
Contributor(s):
Kabir Garba - Author
Primary Item Type:
Thesis
Identifiers:
Accession Number : 875008936
Language:
English
Subject Keywords:
Thermal and catalytic ; pyrolysis of lignocellulosic ; zeolite and hydroxyapatite
Sponsor - Description:
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Kimia -
First presented to the public:
7/1/2018
Original Publication Date:
11/2/2020
Previously Published By:
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Place Of Publication:
School of Chemical Engineering
Citation:
Extents:
Number of Pages - 215
License Grantor / Date Granted:
  / ( View License )
Date Deposited
2020-11-02 16:28:33.246
Submitter:
Mohamed Yunus Yusof

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Thermal and catalytic slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic oil palm wastes using zeolite and hydroxyapatite based catalysts / Kabir Garba1 2020-11-02 16:28:33.246