Sejak dunia sebenar kini lebih kepada isyarat analog, penukar digit-keanalog menjadi lebih penting untuk memproses antara muka isyarat analog. The hybrid DAC is the combination of binary weighted resistor and thermometer coding DAC architecture. Dalam kajian ini, 45nm 1.0V proses PTM digunakan dengan menggantikan Silterra 0.18μm 1.8V/3.3V CMOS proses dalam mereka bentuk 12-bit arus sumber perintang deretan hibrid digit-ke-analog. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan
kepada voltan rujukan yang menjana voltan pincang kepada sumber arus. Keputusan simulasi and teori voltan rujukan dibandingkan dan dibincangkan dengan teliti. Simulasi voltan rujukan dilakukan dengan menggunakan perisian LTSpice IV. Keputusan keseluruhan menunjukkan bahawa digit-ke-analog menepati spesifikasi reka bentuk dalam kajian ini.
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Since the real world now more to the analog signal, the digital-to-analog converter becomes more important in order to process the interface of the analog signal. The hybrid DAC is the combination of binary weighted resistor and thermometer
coding DAC architecture. In this research, 45nm 1.0V PTM process was used to replace Silterra 0.18μm 1.8V/3.3V CMOS process in designing a 12-bit current-source resistor string hybrid DAC. This research was focused on the voltage reference that generates the bias voltage to the current source. In this thesis, the simulation and theoretical results of voltage reference are compared and be discussed in detail. The simulation of voltage reference was conducted by using LTSpice IV software. The overall result had shown that the DAC had fulfilled its design specification gets earlier.